Azerbaijan is a country that invites exploration year after year. With its rich history, stunning landscapes, historical monuments, and futuristic architectural designs, it offers a captivating blend of mountains and seas, mud volcanoes, and stone relics that tell the tales of ancient civilizations. One visit is simply not enough to uncover all the marvels of this Eastern treasure chest.
Your journey should begin in the capital city, Baku—a place where time seems to stand still. The best way to savor the city’s charm is to wander through the old quarters of Icheri Sheher. Here, you can easily lose track of time as you meander through the narrow, labyrinthine streets, reminiscent of the character played by Andrei Mironov in “The Diamond Arm.” The area is adorned with intricate balconies, unique souvenirs, and beautiful carpets.
Take the time to explore every courtyard, visit all the mosques, and marvel at the opulence of the legendary Palace of the Shirvanshahs. The air in Baku’s narrow streets is infused with the scent of history, as if witnesses from every historical era have gathered here. One of the most striking architectural masterpieces is the Maiden Tower, which dates back to either the 1st or 10th century.
Ancient mosques that once hosted the founders of the Islamic faith stand side by side with the modern, trendy establishments of Baku, featuring upscale bars, panoramic restaurants, and cutting-edge museums. Don’t miss the chance to appreciate the craftsmanship of medieval weavers at the Carpet Museum, which houses one of the richest collections in the world. Be sure to wander around and step inside one of the ancient caravanserais, where the old and new Baku intertwine beautifully.
The second-largest city in Azerbaijan, Ganja, boasts a rich history as well. Established approximately 1,500 years ago as a settlement on the Great Silk Road, its name translates to “treasure” or “wealth,” earning it the title “City of Treasures” among travelers. Here, you will find the magnificent Imamzadeh Mausoleum, which shines with vibrant colors after restoration, along with medieval mosques, fortresses, and baths. One of the oldest and most revered mosques in Azerbaijan, the Juma Mosque, was built during the reign of Shah Abbas and is also located in Ganja.
For history enthusiasts and those seeking authenticity, the village of Lahij awaits. This tiny yet picturesque settlement, nestled in the mountains of Azerbaijan, serves as a living cultural museum. Lahij is a highlight on the popular tourist route known as the “Great Silk Road.” Historically recognized as one of the most significant trade and craft centers in the Caucasus, it is renowned for its copper craftsmanship, where artisans create exquisite weapons, beautiful tableware, and various household items. The village’s fame spread far and wide as caravans passed through from Georgia, Dagestan, and Persia, showcasing handmade blades and swords in the world’s finest museums.
Visitors can also find unique souvenirs to remember their trip while traversing the mountainous terrain of Azerbaijan. The journey to Lahij is an adventure in itself, offering stunning views that are both breathtaking and exhilarating.
Beyond Baku and Ganja, the charming city of Sheki, known for its khans and caravanserais, is a favorite among travelers. It caters to everyone—from nature lovers to history buffs, foodies, and adventurers. Founded nearly 3,000 years ago, Sheki has been part of various principalities and provinces, even serving as the capital of the Sheki Khanate, with its historical section recognized by UNESCO.
The main attraction for tourists is the Sheki Khans’ Palace, adorned with intricate mosaics, stained glass, and elaborate carvings. Be sure to admire how light dances through the millions of colorful glass pieces. Don’t miss the two grand chinar trees that stand in the rulers’ garden, older than both the palace and the khanate itself.
In addition to the palace, Sheki is famous for its caravanserais—Lower and Upper. These historic “hotels” were once among the most comfortable resting places in the medieval Eastern world. Today, both caravanserais continue to serve their original purpose, welcoming tourists who wish to immerse themselves in the vibrant culture of the East and its ancient history.
While in Azerbaijan, it’s impossible to overlook its stunning natural beauty. If you have limited time, start your adventure with a visit to Gobustan. The Gobustan National Historical and Artistic Reserve is rightfully recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, showcasing unique landscapes that are a testament to prehistoric culture.
The area is dotted with ancient petroglyphs—rock carvings that tell stories of life thousands of years ago. You’ll also find man-made depressions in the rocks for collecting water and preparing food, as well as “singing” stones used in rituals. Many of these artifacts date back over 10,000 years. Visiting Gobustan in spring on a sunny, blooming day is a must, as the vibrant landscapes are truly captivating. History enthusiasts can also explore the nearby museum, which showcases fascinating finds that reveal the lives of people during the Stone Age.
Not far from the “stone sea” of Gobustan lies another natural wonder: the mud volcanoes. Azerbaijan is home to about 350 of the world’s 800 mud volcanoes, making it a unique destination for this geological phenomenon. In the vicinity of Gobustan, you can observe a picturesque array of cones of various sizes and depths, bubbling with gray mud. However, exercise caution—these eruptions can be unpredictable, and it’s best to keep a safe distance from the craters and avoid stepping on unstable ground. Enjoy the unusual scenery from a safe vantage point.
For those seeking a tranquil escape in nature, the Goygol region is a perfect choice. Located just 40 kilometers from Ganja, these stunning lakes offer a serene retreat, whether for a day trip or an extended holiday. The pristine beauty of the area features crystal-clear waters, lush emerald forests, and endless untouched expanses—a paradise for anyone looking to escape the hustle and bustle of city life!
When visiting Gabala, don’t miss the natural reserve housing the “Seven Beauties” waterfall. Surrounded by the majestic peaks of the Greater Caucasus, the park consists of seven cascading waterfalls that tumble from varying heights. Each level offers viewing platforms, and the higher you climb, the more breathtaking the views become. The sight is truly picturesque!
If you find yourself tired along the way, you can take a break at a charming restaurant by the water, where you can enjoy tea or lunch while soaking in the stunning mountain scenery.
For a taste of the true essence of the “Land of Fire,” make your way to Yanar Dag, or the “Burning Mountain.” This natural wonder is another iconic symbol of Azerbaijan. Flames erupting from the earth create a striking and dramatic sight, especially at dusk. This eternal fire has burned here since ancient times, captivating both Zoroastrian worshippers and modern-day researchers alike.
Today, Yanar Dag is part of a natural park that appeals to travelers of all ages, and it’s easily accessible—just 17 kilometers north of the capital. You can reach it by car or public transport.
Azerbaijan is a treasure trove for romantics and history lovers alike, offering a wealth of beautiful ancient towers, fortresses, and palaces. Start your exploration at the Baku Fortress, where the ancient walls encircle the old part of the city, built in the 12th century. These towers, battlements, and lengthy corridors once protected the city, making it virtually impregnable. In ancient times, the fortress walls extended to the Caspian Sea.
During the medieval period, the walls stretched for 1,500 meters, but today only a 500-meter section remains. The majestic stone gates, constructed during the reign of Shah Abbas, still welcome visitors to Icheri Sheher today.
However, the Baku Fortress was just one part of a defensive chain of towers and fortifications guarding the Absheron Peninsula. The construction of these signaling structures began in the 12th century, during the flourishing era of the Shirvanshahs. The most impressive of the surviving structures is the fortress in the village of Ramana.
This formidable quadrangular tower was likely built in the 14th century for the defense of Baku. Standing 15 meters tall on a hill, its intricately carved stone walls are visible from afar. Today, the tower operates as a museum, and you can visit it on a guided tour. To do so, you’ll need to find the keeper of the keys, who will unlock the ancient gates and share the tower’s secrets, including the fascinating story of an underground passage that once connected the Ramana Tower to the Maiden Tower in Baku—a thrilling adventure for anyone who loves tales of intrigue!
During the same period, the Quadrangular Castle in Mardakyan was constructed as a symbol of the victories of Shirvanshah Ahsitan and served as an observation point and barracks for a military garrison. The fortress stands 22 meters tall, and you can walk along its outer walls for a panoramic view of the surroundings.
Another testament to the grandeur of ancient rulers is the Palace of the Shirvanshahs. This residence of the powerful Shirvan kings is located in Baku’s Icheri Sheher and dates back to the 13th century. The complex includes not only the palace itself but also a mosque with a beautiful minaret, a mausoleum, a courtyard with a rotunda, a hamam, a museum, and the tomb of the court astrologer.
The palace’s grandeur reflects the transfer of the capital to Baku. The museum houses a rich collection of artifacts unearthed during excavations in Old Baku, while the exterior decor—featuring
relief carvings, intricate stone lacework, portals, and geometric patterns—adds to its allure. Despite being constructed over three centuries, the complex presents a remarkably cohesive aesthetic. When in Baku, be sure to appreciate this gem of medieval architecture.
One of the most stunning examples of 20th-century palatial architecture awaits you in Baku on the central Istiglaliyyat Street. The Mukhtarov Palace, built in 1912 for Murtaza Mukhtarov, an oil magnate and philanthropist, was commissioned by his beloved wife, who fell in love with the Gothic architecture of Venice during their honeymoon. Inspired by the enchanting silhouettes of the city on water, the Mukhtarovs sought to bring this elegance to Baku. Today, the palace also serves as a venue for weddings, continuing its legacy of love.
Another significant architectural landmark in Azerbaijan is the Sheki Khans’ Palace. This residence of Eastern rulers, located in the city of Sheki, is now open as a museum and is recognized as a monument of global historical significance. The palace, built in the Persian style, has retained its fortifications and spans an area of about 300 square meters, featuring six rooms, four corridors, and two balconies adorned with mirrors.
The windows of the palace are crafted from millions of colorful glass pieces and intricate latticework, a technique known as “shebeke.” The facade is painted with Eastern motifs depicting themes of war and hunting, as well as geometric patterns. At its center lies a grand stained-glass window made from vibrant mosaic glass. The Sheki Khans’ Palace is celebrated as one of the most beautiful representations of Eastern architectural style in the Caucasus, a true jewel of Islamic culture, and has been recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site.
While in Baku, you cannot miss the oldest mosque in the capital, the Muhammad Mosque. This sacred Islamic structure, built in the 11th century, is also known as the “Damaged Minaret.” According to legend, it was during the conquest of Baku by Russian forces that one of their cannonballs struck the minaret, causing significant damage. At that moment, a storm rose in the sea, sweeping away the invaders’ ships, which the city’s residents interpreted as divine intervention. The minaret was left unrepaired for a long time as a reminder of this miraculous event.
Another architectural phoenix that rose from the ashes is the Bibi-Heybat Mosque. Located on the shores of Baku Bay, this complex is a replica of an ancient shrine. Originally built in 1267 over the tomb of Ukeyma Khanum, a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, the mosque stood for 700 years before being destroyed during the Soviet era. The modern structure was completed in 1999, reconstructed based on old photographs, illustrations, and accounts from travelers, including the famous Alexandre Dumas.
Another significant religious site is the Juma Mosque in the city of Shemakha. This Friday mosque is considered one of the oldest in the East and the Caucasus, with its history tracing back to 743 AD. The building has suffered numerous destructions, primarily due to earthquakes. The structure you see today is the result of a 2013 reconstruction, adhering to the architectural traditions of the past.
Representing a completely different philosophy is the Ateshgah Fire Temple, located 30 kilometers from Baku on the outskirts of Surakhany. This temple arose naturally due to flames erupting from the ground. Fire has long been revered by Hindus and Zoroastrians, who found their natural sanctuary here. In Azerbaijani, Ateshgah translates to “House of Fire.” Although the complex, featuring altars with eternal flames, cells for priests, and accommodations for pilgrims, was officially dated back to 1713, the site has been known for centuries. As early as the 5th century AD, there are references to pilgrimages to this eternal flame near what would become Baku.
During the Middle Ages, the temple gained fame through caravans on the Great Silk Road, later attracting Hindu settlers. The flames of the sanctuary extinguished in 1902, leading to a 75-year decline. After restoration, the temple was reopened to tourists as an open-air museum, where followers of the ancient Zoroastrian cult still hold their ceremonies.
If you are a museum enthusiast, you’ve come to the right place. Azerbaijan is home to a plethora of museums, but perhaps the most authentic is the Carpet Museum. This vibrant “roll” of culture is situated right on the Baku waterfront, making it impossible to miss!
Officially known as the Azerbaijan National Carpet Museum, its title underscores its significance. Imagine a collection that boasts approximately one million invaluable artifacts, ranging from the Bronze Age to contemporary times. The carpets on display, representing various provinces of Azerbaijan, weave a beautiful narrative that chronicles the country’s rich history over the centuries.
At the museum, you can also witness the intricate process of carpet weaving firsthand, as many skilled artisans diligently uphold this ancient craft. In addition to carpets, the museum houses a remarkable collection of archaeological finds from different eras. Visitors can admire artifacts from the Bronze Age, pottery, national costumes, medieval weaponry, and exquisite 19th-century textile art.
Another fascinating historical collection can be found at the Ganja Local History Museum, which has delighted visitors since 1924. This museum features 18 halls filled with books, weaponry, pottery, printed materials, and household items from various periods. A unique highlight of the museum is the Khan’s mansion in which it is located—a stunning building with turrets that rightfully stands as an architectural monument.
For those interested in archaeology, the Gala State Historical and Architectural Reserve offers an impressive collection of artifacts in an open-air setting. Established in 2008 on the site of archaeological excavations and an ancient settlement, this museum narrates the history of the Absheron Peninsula. Here, you can explore how life evolved over thousands of years, with some of the oldest exhibits dating back around 5,000 years.
Experience the evolution of life step by step, from tents made of animal skins and ancient petroglyphs to stone and adobe homes. You can wander through a marketplace, a blacksmith’s forge, pottery workshops, a bakery, a threshing floor, and other significant urban structures from the medieval era. Everything is touchable and photographable, and you can even feed the camels and ponies peacefully grazing nearby. The cultural monuments collected from across the Absheron Peninsula will transport you back to medieval Azerbaijan. Don’t forget to snap a photo with the imposing warrior guarding the tranquility of the Gala Fortress!
If you have an appreciation for futuristic architecture, make your way to Baku’s most “cosmic” building, the Heydar Aliyev Center. Designed by the renowned Zaha Hadid and completed in 2012, this magnificent complex stands out as a testament to modern architectural brilliance. The center is characterized by its absence of straight lines and angles, resembling a white ship gracefully floating above reality.
Be sure to venture inside, where the wonders continue. In addition to the striking interior design, you’ll find numerous exhibitions, displays about the life of Heydar Aliyev, and a collection of his cars. In 2014, the cultural center was recognized as the best building in the world, earning the prestigious Design of the Year award. It’s a place that appeals to both children and adults alike, making it a must-visit destination in Baku.
