Okros Tsikhe (Georgian: ოქროს ციხე), known as the “Golden Fortress,” stands as one of the largest and most impressive fortifications in Georgia, perched at an elevation of approximately 1,700 meters above sea level in the Samtkhe-Javakheti Region. This majestic castle was invaluable to the medieval inhabitants of the area, serving as a vital stronghold throughout its storied history. Today, while it awaits renovation, the fortress’s rustic beauty and grandeur remain strikingly evident, offering a glimpse into its glorious past.
The history of Okros Tsikhe is deeply intertwined with the Jakeli family, the ruling dynasty of the Samtkhe Principality from the 13th to the 17th centuries. Many historical monuments in the Samtkhe-Javakheti Region are linked to this influential family, and Okros Tsikhe is no exception. It is widely believed that the fortress was constructed under the direct orders of the Jakeli family as part of a comprehensive network of defensive fortifications designed to protect their territory. While the exact date of its construction remains elusive, historians generally agree that it was established during the reign of Beka I Jakeli in the late 13th to early 14th centuries.
The fortress played a crucial defensive role during the rise of the Ottoman Turks in the 15th and 16th centuries. Its formidable walls, combined with its strategic location atop a rugged cliff, rendered it nearly impenetrable and allowed guards to effectively monitor enemy movements across vast expanses of land.
The Meskhetian chronicles, one of Georgia’s most significant historical sources, provide the earliest written account of Okros Tsikhe, highlighting its importance in 16th-century Samtskhe-Javakheti. A narrative within these chronicles details a fierce battle in the region, during which even the wife of Prince Qaikhosro Atabagi was present at Okros Tsikhe, valiantly defending the territory against invading forces. Despite the eventual conquest of the region by the Turks shortly thereafter, the fortress remained in operation for an additional two centuries.
Okros Tsikhe is renowned for its tactical architectural design, featuring multiple tiers and buffers that enhance its defenses against invaders. The fortress is particularly distinguished by its towers and thick stone walls, some of which rise over 10 meters high and measure two meters in thickness. The largest section of the fortress is located on the southern side, where robust walls once stood sentinel against potential attackers.
The entrance to Okros Tsikhe was fortified with massive boulders and an additional wall, showcasing the strategic foresight of its builders. The remnants of a second door beyond the primary entrance suggest that there was once a two-winged doorway, providing an additional layer of security. The space between these two doors was designed as a trap for invaders; should they manage to scale the outer walls, they would be met with a barrage of large stones and boiling resin. In the event of a breach, the fortress defenders had the option to regroup in one of the inner towers, from which they could launch counterattacks.
If you find yourself in Akhaltsikhe or passing through on your way to Adjara, a short detour to the Adigeni Municipality to visit Okros Tsikhe is well worth the effort. It is advisable to set aside at least half a day for this hiking adventure.
From its lofty perch on a cliff near the village of Bolajuri, Okros Tsikhe is visible from afar, beckoning visitors to explore its historical depths. To reach the fortress, follow a paved road leading to the village of Shoka. From there, the ascent continues until you reach the northern front of the castle. The climb can be steep and demanding in places, but the reward of reaching the summit and soaking in the breathtaking views from the fortress towers makes every step worthwhile!