Perched on a small hill overlooking the Potskhovi River, the historic Rabati Fortress stands as a testament to the rich cultural heritage of Akhaltsikhe, a town in southwestern Georgia. The name “Rabati” originates from Arabic, meaning “fortified place,” and this magnificent structure has indeed served as a stronghold throughout its storied past. As the main attraction in Akhaltsikhe, Rabati Fortress is a must-visit destination for anyone interested in exploring the region’s history, architecture, and natural beauty.
The fortress’s history dates back to the 13th century, and it has been destroyed and rebuilt multiple times over the centuries. Its strategic location has made it a prized possession for various empires and dynasties, including the Ottoman Empire, which seized the fortress in 1578. The name “Rabati” was initially used to describe the region surrounding the fortress, but it eventually became synonymous with the fortress itself.
In 2012, a large-scale restoration project transformed Rabati Fortress into a thriving cultural and historical complex, covering an area of seven hectares. The fortress is divided into two distinct parts: the lower modern section and the upper historical section. The lower part features shops, cafes, restaurants, and a hotel, while the upper section is home to the Akhmediye Mosque, an Orthodox church, the Djakeli Palace, and the History Museum.
The History Museum is a treasure trove of artifacts and exhibits that showcase the region’s rich cultural heritage. The museum’s collection includes stone items from the Neolithic Age, bronze axes, and other relics that provide a glimpse into the lives of ancient civilizations. Visitors can also explore the fortress’s four massive towers, each offering breathtaking views of Akhaltsikhe and its surroundings.
One of the most striking features of Rabati Fortress is its unique blend of architectural styles, reflecting the various cultures that have influenced the region over the centuries. The fortress’s walls are adorned with intricate carvings, and its buildings feature a mix of Georgian, Turkish, and Arabic architectural elements.
The Akhmediye Mosque, built in the 18th century, is a stunning example of Ottoman architecture. Its massive dome and minaret are adorned with intricate carvings, and the mosque’s interior features a beautifully decorated mihrab, a niche indicating the direction of Mecca.
The Orthodox church, built in the 19th century, is a more modest structure, but its simplicity is offset by the stunning views of the surrounding landscape. The church’s walls are adorned with ancient frescoes, and its bell tower offers panoramic views of the fortress and its surroundings.
The Djakeli Palace, a 19th-century structure, is a testament to the region’s rich cultural heritage. The palace’s interior features beautifully decorated rooms, including a stunning wooden ceiling, and its exterior is adorned with intricate carvings.
The citadel, located in the western part of the fortress, is the highest point in the complex and offers breathtaking views of Akhaltsikhe and its surroundings. The citadel’s walls are adorned with ancient carvings, and its interior features a beautifully decorated room with exhibits showcasing the region’s cultural heritage.
In addition to its historical and cultural significance, Rabati Fortress is also a nature lover’s paradise. The complex features beautifully landscaped gardens, complete with stone fountains, walking paths, and stunning views of the surrounding landscape. Visitors can explore the fortress’s many towers and battlements, each offering a unique perspective on the region’s history and natural beauty.
In the evening, Rabati Fortress takes on a magical quality, with its walls and towers illuminated by powerful spotlights. The complex’s many fountains and water features come alive, creating a mesmerizing display of sound and light.
The lower section of Rabati Fortress is accessible to all visitors free of charge, making it an inviting entry point into this historical treasure. As you approach, you are greeted by impressive stone walls and massive gates that lead into the heart of this fortified town. The area is beautifully maintained, featuring clean, cobblestone pathways, small plazas, and tranquil pools that invite you to pause and soak in the atmosphere.
One of the highlights of the lower part is the young vineyard, which is laid out in a terraced structure, showcasing the region’s agricultural heritage. The entire area is designed for leisurely strolls, with plenty of cozy cafes and shops where you can relax and enjoy the local cuisine. The “Rabati” hotel, with its charming wooden balconies and sturdy stone walls, provides comfortable accommodations for those wishing to extend their stay and immerse themselves in the fortress’s history.
To access the upper part of Rabati Fortress, visitors must pass through a massive stone wall, where guards ensure that only ticket holders can enter. This section is a museum territory, and the entrance fee contributes to the preservation of this historical site. Numerous staircases wind their way up, leading to the fortress’s four towering observation points, each offering spectacular views of Akhaltsikhe and the surrounding mountains.
As you climb, prepare to be captivated by the stunning architecture that surrounds you. The upper section is home to significant landmarks, including the Akhmediye Mosque, the Orthodox church, and the Djakeli Palace, each telling its own story of the fortress’s past. The mosque, with its grand golden dome, stands as a symbol of the Ottoman influence in the region, while the Orthodox church reflects the deep-rooted Christian traditions of Georgia.
Constructed in the 18th century, the Akhmediye Mosque stands as the heart and soul of Rabati Fortress. Named in honor of the legendary Ahmed Pasha, this architectural marvel is crowned by a magnificent golden dome, often compared to the iconic Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem.Â
Upon entering the mosque, visitors are greeted by massive stones adorned with ancient inscriptions, a testament to the diverse cultural influences that have shaped this sacred space. Both Islamic and Christian symbols can be found within its walls, reflecting the shared heritage of the region. One particularly striking exhibit within the mosque is a stone slab that bears witness to a darker chapter in history: it was once used for beheadings, and the marks left by the axe are still visible.
In the early 19th century, the mosque suffered significant damage during bombardments by Russian troops, which knocked the crescent moon from its dome and left scratch marks on the western side of the minaret. Following its capture, the mosque was repurposed as an Orthodox church (the Assumption Church), and its once-rich library was relocated to St. Petersburg. At that time, this collection was considered one of the most extensive in the Muslim world.
Inside the mosque, a niche directed towards Mecca can be found along the southern wall. The northern wall features a staircase leading to the minaret; however, access is restricted, as it remains locked and secured behind a gate. Just a short walk of 5 to 10 meters to the left of the mosque, visitors will discover a small ancient building that once served as a fortress where prisoners and captured soldiers were held. The small rooms that once functioned as cells are now mere remnants, with only the walls and numerous niches remaining to tell their stories.
If you choose to turn right from the mosque, you will enter a remarkable room entirely clad in wood, showcasing exquisite carvings that highlight the craftsmanship of the era. This enchanting space is furnished with substantial wooden chests, a sofa, and a chair made from natural materials.
As you ascend to the upper part of the fortress, you are immediately greeted by the sight of an ancient church, believed to have been constructed in 1578. This monumental structure boasts a bell tower adorned with ancient ornaments and inscriptions. On the walls of the church, you can still see the scars left by bullets. Instead of a traditional altar, the interior features enormous stone slabs that divide the church into two distinct sections, creating a modest yet profound atmosphere.
Stepping outside, you can admire the intriguing stone sculptures known as “stone rams.” These elongated figures stand sentinel around the church, with several of these stony guardians dotting the landscape. Historians remain uncertain about their origins; some suggest they were erected by Armenians, while others propose they are artifacts of Azerbaijani culture. Surrounding the church, large boulders with unique ornamentation and inscriptions.
At the very heart of the fortress complex lies the stunning Moorish gallery. This colonnade is composed of numerous elegant arches that converge at the top, creating an awe-inspiring sight reminiscent of the entrance to an ancient castle. Each column is exquisitely carved, showcasing the intricate craftsmanship of the era.
Dominating the western part of the ancient fortification, the Citadel is not only the highest point of the fortress but also of the city of Akhaltsikhe. From this vantage point, breathtaking panoramic views of the settlement and its outskirts unfold before you. The climb to the Citadel may be challenging, but the reward is well worth the effort. Inside, a tall tower rises, along with a room that showcases various exhibits—photographs, ceramics, and everyday items that reflect the rich Meskhetian culture. This part of the fortress evokes the feeling of a home once inhabited by the Meskhetians.
Within the Citadel, a unique atmosphere prevails, transporting you back to a time when Turkish guards watched for the approach of Russian columns advancing from the northern heights toward the city.
The magnificent Samtskhe-Javakheti Museum has become even more captivating for tourists following its restoration. It houses a wealth of astonishing exhibits, including ancient fossils and an array of Turkish firearms of various modifications. Spanning an area of 250 to 300 square meters, the museum showcases unique archaeological artifacts from the Bronze and Stone Ages. Here, you can marvel at well-preserved Colchian bronze axes discovered by archaeologists in Georgia. Equally fascinating are the large sabers, muskets, pistols, and cannonballs on display. You can also admire ancient pottery that dates back to different eras, each artifact narrating the tumultuous history of Southern Georgia and Meskhetia.
The museum’s spacious halls are shrouded in a dim light, enhancing the allure of the exhibits. Photography is prohibited, as many artifacts can be damaged by flash. Admission is free, included in the ticket price for those exploring the upper part of Rabati.
Just before entering the museum, you’ll find the renowned castle of the Djakeli princes. By navigating the stone and iron staircases, you can ascend to the roof and enjoy a bird’s-eye view of the city and the entire Rabati fortress complex.
