Ancient Khorezm

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Ancient Khorezm

Khorezm, one of the most ancient and historically rich regions of Central Asia, has long been a focal point of cultural and architectural marvels. During the Arab conquest, it was famously described as a land of «tens of thousands of fortresses,» a testament to its extensive network of fortified cities, grand castles, and majestic palaces. Modern archaeology has unearthed numerous ancient settlements in the Khorezm region, each revealing the grandeur of its past. Among the most notable are Toprak-Kala, Janbas-Kala, Koy-Krylgan-kala, Kyzyl-Kala, and Ayaz-Kala. These ruins, scattered across the expansive arid steppes, stand as colossal reminders of Khorezm’s historical significance and architectural prowess.

The fortresses of Khorezm are a key attraction, offering a glimpse into the region’s storied past. These ancient strongholds, with their immense size and strategic designs, once served as vital defensive structures and administrative centers. The term “Kala,” meaning fortress, is fitting for these imposing ruins that dominate the landscape. Even in their current state of decay, the sheer magnitude and intricate construction of these fortresses continue to impress visitors and historians alike.

Ayaz Qala, Karakalpakstan
Kyzyl Qala, Karakalpakstan
Toprak-Kala, Karakalpakstan
Janbas-kala, Karakalpakstan
Koy-Krylgan-kala Fortress in Karakalpakstan
Koy-Krylgan-kala Fortress in Karakalpakstan

Khorezm is not only significant for its architectural remnants but also for its contribution to the world’s religious history. It is considered one of the birthplaces of Zoroastrianism, one of the oldest known religions. Scholars of the Avesta, the sacred Zoroastrian texts, suggest that this ancient faith originated in the broader region of Greater Khorezm, which encompasses parts of modern-day Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and northern Iran. While there is some debate over the precise location where the Avesta was written, many believe that it was within the bounds of what is now Khorezm.

One of the most intriguing aspects of Khorezm’s history is its potential link to the Aryan people. The ancient texts of the Avesta describe a homeland called «Ariana Vaychoh,» which corresponds closely with the geographical and environmental features of Greater Khorezm. This association has led some historians to propose that Khorezm was the original habitat of the Aryans, a theory that continues to captivate researchers exploring the origins and migrations of this enigmatic group.

Mizdakhan necropolis, Karakalpakstan
Mizdakhan necropolis, Karakalpakstan
Chilpyk tower, Karakalpakstan
Chilpyk tower, Karakalpakstan

Khorezm’s strategic location made it a pivotal hub for caravan trade during the Middle Ages. It served as a vital link between distant civilizations, facilitating the exchange of goods, culture, and ideas. Caravans traveling from Urgench, the region’s prominent city, ventured eastwards to China and Mongolia through the Kyzyl-Kum desert and the Syrdarya River. Another significant trade route connected Central Asia and Iran with Eastern Europe, with Urgench acting as a crucial outpost and bustling market center. These trade routes, though arduous and treacherous, were well-supported by a network of waystations every 25-30 kilometers, ensuring that caravans had access to water, food, and protection from nomadic raids.

Khorezm’s history is as ancient and illustrious as those of Egypt, Mesopotamia, and India. With a heritage spanning nearly three millennia, Khorezm is the oldest civilization in Central Asia. Its unique architectural monuments, such as the towering fortresses and palatial ruins, rival the grandeur of Egypt’s pyramids and Greece’s temples. The distinct culture of Khorezm, enriched by its historical interactions and contributions, sets it apart from other regions in Central Asia.

Khiva's Old Town

Khiva city tour

From$60
5 hours

Climb Minaret of Islam-Khoja
Explore Ichan-Kala Fortress
Admire Kalta-Minor Minaret
Enjoy traditional Uzbek architecture
Visit local craft workshops

Explore the medieval charm of Khiva on this one-day tour. Discover the historic Ichan-Kala Fortress, admire the intricate Kalta-Minor and Juma Mosque, and wander through centuries-old streets, experiencing the city's rich history and vibrant atmosphere.