History of Samarkand

Samarkand, one of the most ancient cities in the world, stands as a testament to the enduring legacy of human civilization. Like other early centers of human development such as Babylon, Memphis, Athens, Rome, Alexandria, and Byzantium, Samarkand has witnessed countless events and upheavals throughout its long history.

The history of Samarkand stretches back to ancient times. Archaeological discoveries and historical records have confirmed that humans inhabited the area of modern-day Samarkand many centuries before the Common Era. The city’s advantageous geographical location, favorable climate, abundant natural springs, proximity to mountains with rich wildlife, and the flowing Zaravshan River provided ideal conditions for human settlement. These factors contributed to the rise of strong walls, castles, majestic buildings, and temples in Samarkand centuries before the Common Era.

The earliest recorded mention of Samarkand, also known as Marakanda, dates back to 329 BCE. This reference comes from the accounts of eyewitnesses and participants in the conquering army of Alexander the Great. By that time, Samarkand was already a significant city with a large population, developed crafts, trade, and culture. The city boasted an unassailable citadel and an outer defensive wall stretching 10.5 kilometers.

Recent archaeological excavations have revealed that Samarkand was founded much earlier than the Greek-Macedonian conquest. During the Achaemenid Empire (6th-4th centuries BCE), Samarkand was already a well-developed city. This discovery suggests that the city’s history spans over 2500 years, originating from the ancient settlement on the Afrosiab hill.

Throughout its history, Samarkand has witnessed the arrival of various conquerors and invaders. The city saw the half-savage tribes of the Saka and Massagetae, the iron-clad armies of the Greek-Macedonians, and the ruthless hordes of the Kara-Khitans. Samarkand endured the invasion of the Arabs, who introduced Islam to the region. The city also faced the devastating attacks of Genghis Khan’s forces, who brought destruction with fire and sword.

Samarkand reached its zenith during the Timurid era, becoming the capital of the great empire of Tamerlane (Timur). Timur’s empire stretched from the Indus River to the Bosphorus. After Timur’s death, his empire passed to his children and grandchildren. Samarkand and its surroundings came under the rule of Ulugh Beg, Timur’s grandson. Ulugh Beg governed Samarkand for 40 years and was known for his peaceful reign. Unlike his predecessors, Ulugh Beg did not engage in aggressive military campaigns. Instead, he traveled to other countries to study their traditions, culture, and customs. A great scientist, astronomer, and mathematician, Ulugh Beg invited many scholars from different countries to advance science in his realm.

The 14th and 15th centuries marked the Golden Age of Samarkand. The city was surrounded by a strong fortified wall, and new stone-paved streets were laid. The blue domes of magnificent architectural ensembles towered above the city. Many of these structures have survived to this day and remain iconic symbols of Samarkand.

Today, Samarkand is divided into two parts: the old city and the new city. The new part of the city serves as the administrative center, housing industrial and cultural institutions, as well as higher educational establishments. The old part of the city is home to historical monuments, shops, workshops, and traditional private houses. Most excursions focus on the old city, where visitors can explore its rich history and cultural heritage.

Samarkand is a vibrant, multicultural city with a population of around 500,000 people. More than 100 different nationalities live in Samarkand, making it a diverse and dynamic place. It is the second-largest city in Uzbekistan in terms of population and territory.

Samarkand’s centuries-old history embodies the history of entire nations and countries, reflecting the journey of many generations. As one of the most ancient cities in the world, Samarkand has played a significant role in the development of human civilization. Its rich history, cultural heritage, and architectural marvels continue to captivate visitors from around the world.