Azerbaijan is constitutionally recognized as a secular state, ensuring a clear separation between religious and governmental affairs. This unique framework allows for the coexistence of various religious beliefs within the country, reflecting its rich tapestry of ethnic diversity. Despite this pluralism, Shia Islam remains the predominant faith among the population.
The religious landscape of Azerbaijan boasts a profound historical legacy. In the first millennium BC, Zoroastrianism thrived under the rule of the Achaemenid and Sasanian empires, serving as the state religion of the Persian Empire, of which Azerbaijan was a part. Even today, elements of Zoroastrianism resonate with many locals, and one of the most cherished holidays, Novruz Bayrami, is celebrated with great reverence.
Islam is the principal religion in Azerbaijan, with approximately 93-99% of the population identifying as Muslim. Among these, about 55-65% adhere to Shia Islam, while 35-45% follow Sunni Islam. This division is historically rooted in the region’s past, particularly during the time when parts of Azerbaijan were integrated into Iran, a nation where Shia Islam is the state religion.
Azerbaijan is home to three major Jewish communities: Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, and Georgian Jews. In the capital city of Baku, as well as in the cities of Guba and Oguz, there are six active synagogues, along with various Jewish cultural centers and religious organizations. Notably, a synagogue opened in Baku on March 9, 2003, is recognized as one of the largest in Europe.
The history of Christianity in Azerbaijan spans nearly 2,000 years and is closely linked to the apostle Bartholomew, one of the twelve disciples of Jesus Christ. He is believed to have preached in the region, leading to his martyrdom in 71 AD near the Maiden Tower in modern Baku. This site has since become a sacred location for Christians.
Both Orthodox and Catholic churches are present in Azerbaijan. Currently, there are five functioning Orthodox churches, including the Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral, the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, and the Church of Michael the Archangel, all located in Baku. Catholicism began to take root in Azerbaijan in the 14th century, following the arrival of missionaries from various Catholic orders, such as the Dominicans, Carmelites, and Franciscans. The first Catholic church, the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary’s Immaculate Conception, was established in the early 20th century. In 2002, Azerbaijan had the honor of being visited by Pope John Paul II. Today, the Catholic community in Azerbaijan is relatively small, comprising about 500 individuals. Additionally, there are approximately 25 small Protestant-Baptist communities throughout the country.