Azerbaijan, a country rich in history and culture, is a fascinating blend of various religious beliefs and practices. As a secular state, Azerbaijan’s Constitution ensures that religious life is separate from governmental affairs, allowing for a diverse coexistence of multiple faiths. This article explores the religious landscape of contemporary Azerbaijan, highlighting its historical roots and the various communities that thrive within its borders.
Islam is the predominant religion in Azerbaijan, with approximately 93-99% of the population identifying as Muslim. The majority of these Muslims, around 55-65%, adhere to Shia Islam, while 35-45% follow Sunni Islam. This division is largely a result of historical ties; for centuries, parts of Azerbaijan were under Persian influence, where Shia Islam is the state religion. The presence of Shia Islam is particularly significant, as it shapes many cultural and social practices in the country.
Religious beliefs in Azerbaijan have deep historical roots, tracing back to Zoroastrianism, which was prevalent in the region during the 1st millennium BC under the Achaemenid and Sasanian empires. Zoroastrianism was once the state religion of the Persian Empire, and its influence is still felt today, particularly during the celebration of Novruz Bayrami, a festival marking the arrival of spring that is cherished by many Azerbaijanis.
While Islam is the primary faith, Azerbaijan is home to a variety of religious communities, reflecting its status as a multinational country. Among these communities are three significant Jewish groups: Mountain Jews, Ashkenazi Jews, and Georgian Jews. The country boasts a rich Jewish heritage, with six synagogues operating in the capital, Baku, as well as in the cities of Guba and Oguz. One notable synagogue in Baku, opened on March 9, 2003, is regarded as one of the largest in Europe, serving as a cultural and religious hub for the Jewish community.
Christianity also has a long-standing history in Azerbaijan, dating back nearly 2,000 years. The apostle Bartholomew, one of Jesus Christ’s twelve apostles, is believed to have preached in Azerbaijan, leading to his martyrdom near the iconic Maiden Tower in Baku around 71 AD. This site has since become a revered location for Christians.
Today, Azerbaijan is home to several Christian denominations, including both Orthodox and Catholic communities. There are currently five operating Orthodox churches in the country, with notable ones such as the Holy Myrrhbearers Cathedral, Blessed Virgin Mary Church, and the Church of Michael the Archangel, all located in Baku. Catholicism began to take root in Azerbaijan in the 14th century, introduced by various missionary orders, including the Dominicans, Carmelites, and Franciscans. The first Catholic church, the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary’s Immaculate, was established in the early 20th century. Today, the Catholic community in Azerbaijan is small, comprising around 500 individuals.
Additionally, there are approximately 25 small Protestant-Baptist communities scattered throughout the country, further enriching Azerbaijan’s religious diversity.
