Yeddi Gumbaz Complex

Located near the city of Shemakha, the Yeddi Gumbaz complex, which translates to “Seven Domes,” is a remarkable testament to the region’s rich history and architectural prowess. Originally, this site was home to seven classic domed mausoleums, each built over the graves of the Shemakhan khans. However, due to two devastating earthquakes, only three of these domes remain today. One mausoleum stands without its dome, while the three oldest have been reduced to mere foundations, transforming into peculiar octagonal enclosures for intricately carved stelae. The surviving mausoleums were constructed during the Russian era, with the earliest dating back to 1810 and the latest completed between 1865 and 1867. Among those interred here is Mustafa Khan, who, after facing betrayal, was forgiven, returned to his homeland, and passed away in 1844.

The mausoleums are situated on a hill adjacent to an ancient cemetery, approximately 1.5 kilometers from Shemakha. The distance between the mausoleums spans about 7 kilometers by road, with a direct distance of around 4 kilometers. Regular bus services make it easy for visitors to reach the mausoleums, even if they prefer to travel independently.

The architecture of the mausoleums reflects classical design, with domed structures clad in white stone, both inside and out. These relatively new examples were erected in the 18th and 19th centuries, drawing inspiration from ancient models. Specifically, the seven tombs house the remains of the last representatives of the Shirvanshah dynasty, including members of the family of the last Shemakhan khan, Mustafa Khan. Each mausoleum contains 3 to 4 graves adorned with massive gravestones.

The name of the architect, Usta Taji Memar, is inscribed on a stone above the entrance to one of the mausoleums, where the mother of Mustafa Khan was laid to rest in 1810. While the domes and walls of one or two mausoleums have suffered significant damage, the others have been well-preserved and continue to attract crowds of tourists year after year. In addition to the mausoleums of the Shirvan rulers, this cemetery features numerous ancient gravestones, some of which are over a thousand years old. The weathered stones bear traces of Arabic script, hinting at the rich cultural heritage of the area.

The tradition of constructing tower-like mausoleums, made of stone and resembling octagonal prisms topped with pyramidal domes, has existed in this region since the 14th century. This complex of mausoleums, the “youngest” among them, was commissioned by the last ruler of Shemakha, Mustafa Khan, between 1810 and 1820 for his relatives.

Interestingly, just 6 kilometers from Shemakha, in the village of Kyalahana at the foot of the medieval Goylastan fortress, lies another complex of tower mausoleums, also known as “Eddi Gumbaz,” but dating back to the 16th century. One of these mausoleums bears an inscription: “This is the grave of… Sheikh Ibrahim, son of Amir Ahmed, a descendant of Sheikh Israfil from the Chilkay sheikhs. Signed by Abdul-Azim, son of Amir Ali… Year 1072 of the Hijra (1663-1664).“

This earlier complex consisted of nine mausoleums, one of which was destroyed, and another severely damaged, leaving seven that have survived to this day. Historians assert that the original “Eddi Gumbaz” complex stands as a benchmark of the craftsmanship of the builders who erected these tower mausoleums, showcasing the remarkable maturity of Shirvan artisans.

Reaching this historical site with older mausoleums is relatively easy, but it is advisable to do so during dry weather. The road leading uphill can become severely eroded after rain, making passage challenging. Experts believe that this complex was constructed as an exact replica of the mausoleums in the village of Kyalahana, albeit lacking the elegance characteristic of the original.

In the most famous and accessible younger version of the “Eddi Gumbaz” complex closer to Shemakha, specialists note that the well-thought-out composition of the mausoleum’s exterior volume suffers from poor construction quality when viewed up close. Nevertheless, the experience remains impressive, imbued with mystique, ancient spirit, and the artistry of Azerbaijani craftsmen.