The historical region of Karabakh, which far exceeds the borders of modern-day Azerbaijan, is characterized by its vast plains surrounded by mountains. This unique geography ensures the presence of numerous perennial rivers, while the proximity to the sea contributes to a more humid climate.
As a result, this area, unlike many others in Western Asia, boasts endless steppes, creating ample opportunities for the development of horse breeding. Throughout history, this land has been home to numerous nomadic tribes, including the Scythians, Huns, Khazars, Seljuks, Kipchaks, and the Tatars of the Golden Horde—each leaving their mark on Azerbaijani soil.
Today, we delve into the story of the Karabakh horse, a shared heritage that embodies the spirit of these diverse cultures.
In ancient times, the Nisean horses roamed these lands, serving as mounts for the heavy cavalry of the ancient world. This now-lost breed is considered a precursor to the Turkmen Ahal-Teke horses. The Seljuk and Arab steeds also contributed to the equine lineage of the region.
As various Qizilbash Turkish tribes settled in Karabakh, the primary center for horse breeding gradually shifted to this area. In fact, all horses known in Russia and Europe as Persian horses were born on Karabakh’s fertile grounds.
Shah Abbas the Great gifted the region to the Qajar tribe, one of the most powerful Qizilbash clans. Nadir Shah established a stud farm in Karabakh, supplying his elite cavalry with exceptional steeds. Following the disintegration of his empire, the valley came under the control of the adventurer Panah Ali, who founded the independent Karabakh Khanate. However, within less than a decade, his dominion was attacked by the Astarabad Qajars, who would soon unify all of Iran. The motive was singular: horses for the army.
Many khans were passionate horse enthusiasts, amassing herds from around the world. The main stud farm bred only purebred Karabakh trotters, while additional facilities focused on selective breeding. This led to the development of hybrids with superior qualities. Interestingly, these efforts were not aimed at trade; horses were often gifted instead. Consequently, the Karabakh breed has remained relatively small in number.
The Karabakh horse is a compact creature, standing up to 140 centimeters tall, yet remarkably resilient. They possess slender, strong legs, and their narrow chest reflects the influence of the Ahal-Teke, their closest relatives. The skin is thin and soft, adorned with a shiny coat. The primary colors are chestnut and bay, often transitioning into a golden hue. These horses are known for their speed and agility, as well as their endurance and loyalty to their owners. While they may not excel on the plains compared to many Eastern breeds, they outpace them in mountainous terrains.
The poet Mikhail Lermontov wrote about them in his poem “Demon,” while Alexander Pushkin, during his travels to Arzamas, noted that all Russian officials and officers rode Karabakh horses. The 19th-century French geographer Elisée Reclus claimed that “Karabakh horses, which climb rocks like goats, are considered the best in the Caucasus.”
Mehdi Quli Khan, who ruled in the early 19th century, showed little interest in his herds, unlike his illustrious ancestors. In 1806, he fled to Iran, unable to forgive the Russians for his father’s murder. Before his departure, he distributed horses among his close associates, many of whom lost their prized animals following the Persian invasion in 1826.
This event dealt a significant blow to the breed. However, the most challenging years lay ahead during the Civil War when Azerbaijan became a battleground for numerous conflicts. After World War II, the Agdam Stud Farm was established, leading to a revival of the breed. Yet, the ongoing clashes in Karabakh have continued to pose new challenges. Today, what remains of this noble breed is being bred in pastures between the cities of Bard and Agjabedi, as efforts are made to restore this national symbol to its former glory.