Located in the picturesque region of Samtskhe-Dzhavakhetia in the southwest of Georgia, Akhalkalaki is a town steeped in rich history that dates back to the times of Noah. This charming town, whose name translates from Georgian as “new city,” offers a unique perspective on Georgia. The historical region of Samtskhe-Dzhavakhetia, where Akhalkalaki is located, is a unique frontier area that stands apart from the rest of Georgia. Its distinctive climate is just one aspect of its uniqueness; the region boasts a rich history, culture, language, and traditions shaped by its past ties to Armenia and Turkey. This historical complexity is further underscored by ongoing territorial disputes between Georgia and Armenia, which have left indelible marks on the town’s identity.
Throughout its history, the territory of Dzhavakhetia has been part of various states. Initially, it was a northern outlying district of the ancient Armenian state of Urartu, later falling under the Persian Achaemenid Empire. By the 2nd century BC, it was incorporated into the Armenian Artashesid kingdom. Following the kingdom’s collapse, the region came under the control of the Sasanid state (located in modern-day northern Iran). During the Middle Ages, Dzhavakhetia became part of Georgian principalities, only to be conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1637. The Russian Empire annexed the region in 1826-1828, following the occupation of Akhalkalaki by General Paskevich’s forces. The arrival of around 30,000 Armenian refugees from Turkey to Akhalkalaki in 1830 cemented the town’s status as a “little Armenia” within Georgia.
Today, Akhalkalaki is home to approximately 8,000 residents, predominantly of Armenian descent, with Armenians making up about 95% of the population. Armenian is the primary language spoken, and signs are predominantly in Armenian.
At the heart of Akhalkalaki stands a proud monument dedicated to the great Armenian Christian educator Mesrop Mashtots, who is credited with creating the Armenian alphabet in the 5th century AD. This revered figure also played a crucial role in the development of the Georgian script. The central square of the town bears his name.
Akhalkalaki is situated in one of the coldest regions of Georgia, characterized by its high-altitude, subalpine, and alpine meadows. The climate can be quite severe, with winter temperatures plunging as low as -40°C. Therefore, visitors planning a trip to this enchanting town should be sure to pack warm clothing, no matter the season.
In addition to its rich cultural and historical narrative, Akhalkalaki is surrounded by stunning natural beauty. The region is dotted with ancient monuments of Armenian architecture, and just a short distance away lies the remarkable cave monastery of Vardzia, carved into the rocky mountains.
Vardzia: Nestled just 18 kilometers from Akhalkalaki, near the Turkish border, Vardzia is a remarkable cave monastery complex that dates back to the 12th and 13th centuries. Commissioned by King George III and his daughter, Queen Tamara, Vardzia was strategically built to safeguard Georgia’s southern borders. However, this site is much more than a mere collection of rock-hewn chambers; it is an intricate multi-story complex featuring a labyrinth of streets, tunnels, and staircases that connect a variety of structures, including monasteries, temples, fortresses, baths, and even libraries.
Khartsvisi Fortress: Not far from the enchanting cave city of Vardzia lies the Khartsvisi Fortress, perched majestically on a hillside overlooking the road from Akhalkalaki to Akhaltsikhe. This fortress, dating back to the 10th and 11th centuries, has remarkably survived the test of time, standing as one of the oldest fortifications in Georgia.
Kumurdo Cathedral: A few kilometers from Vardzia, the ruins of the Kumurdo Cathedral can be found nestled on a mountain slope. Renowned as one of the earliest historical monuments in Georgia, this episcopal church dates back to the 1st century AD. Although much of the structure lies in ruins, the cathedral’s walls are adorned with numerous inscriptions that offer insights into the region’s ecclesiastical history.