Georgia is home to an extensive and intricate river network, with nearly 25,000 rivers coursing through its diverse landscapes. These rivers are primarily fed by melting snow and glacial waters, as well as underground springs and atmospheric precipitation. From the towering peaks of the Caucasus to the lush valleys and lowlands, Georgia’s waterways play a crucial role in shaping the country’s natural environment and human settlements.
The Kura River, known as Mtkvari in Georgian, is the longest river in Georgia, stretching 1,364 kilometers from its source in the mountains of northeastern Turkey. Flowing across southern and eastern Georgia, the Kura carves its way through dramatic gorges and fertile plains before entering Azerbaijan, where it eventually empties into the Caspian Sea. This river is vital to agriculture, industry, and hydropower production, with its waters feeding the vast Mingachevir Reservoir in Azerbaijan.
Several significant tributaries merge with the Kura along its journey:
The Alazani River (351 km) – Flowing through the Kakheti region, this river is known for its role in Georgia’s famous wine-producing valleys.
The Tori River (320 km) – A major right-bank tributary, adding to the Kura’s expansive watershed.
The Aragvi River (66 km) – Originating in the Greater Caucasus, this river is famous for its picturesque surroundings and historic Ananuri Fortress, which stands proudly on its banks.
In western Georgia, the Rioni River (327 km) originates from the Greater Caucasus, flowing southwestward across the Colchis Lowland before emptying into the Black Sea. It is one of Georgia’s most important rivers, historically serving as a key trade route and an essential source of irrigation and hydropower.
Another significant waterway in western Georgia is the Inguri River (213 km). Originating from the Greater Caucasus, the Inguri is particularly notable for its role in hydroelectric power generation. The Inguri Dam, one of the tallest arch dams in the world, supplies a substantial portion of Georgia’s electricity.
While Georgia is predominantly a river-rich country, its lake systems are fewer in number but equally remarkable. Many of these lakes are found in the Javakheti Uplands, a region known for its high-altitude volcanic plateaus.
Lake Paravani (37.5 sq. km) – The largest lake in Georgia, located at 2,073 meters above sea level in the Javakheti region. Its pristine waters and surrounding meadows create a serene and picturesque landscape.
Lake Tabatskuri (14.2 sq. km) – Nestled in the Javakheti volcanic highlands, this deep blue lake is a haven for wildlife and migratory birds.
Lake Paleostomi (18.2 sq. km) – Located on the Black Sea coast, near the Rioni River’s estuary, this lake plays a crucial role in the wetland ecosystem of the Colchis region.
Lake Kartsakhi (26.3 sq. km) – A transboundary lake shared with Turkey, known for its rich biodiversity and birdlife.
Lake Khanchali (3.3 sq. km) – A smaller yet ecologically significant lake in the Javakheti region, recognized as an important bird habitat.
Lake Dzhandari (10.6 sq. km) – Situated in eastern Georgia, this lake is a vital water source for local communities and agriculture.