Rustavi Fortress

The fortress located in Rustavi is often referred to as the Old Town or the citadel-city. Archaeological excavations conducted on its grounds revealed not only the remnants of the fortress itself, but also stone dwellings and everyday artifacts. These findings led researchers to conclude that a once-thriving settlement had existed here—entirely encircled by an imposing defensive wall. Today, the site is officially recognized as part of Georgia’s cultural heritage and enjoys protection at the national level.

At first glance, the fortress may not appear particularly remarkable: a wall encircling nearly 430 meters, scattered remnants of ancient structures—many of which are now carefully preserved and sealed. Yet, to dismiss this historical site would be to overlook a place that holds surprising interest, even for those who do not consider themselves archaeology enthusiasts.

A closer look at the fortress reveals a fascinating “layered cake” of history. The wall has been damaged and rebuilt multiple times, a fact made obvious by its heterogeneous masonry. Different sections of the structure belong to distinct historical epochs, woven together in stone.

Archaeologists have identified three cultural layers within the fortress. The earliest layer dates from the 4th to 8th centuries AD. This period corresponds with the time the city was burned to the ground during the Arab invasion led by Marwan the Deaf in 735. The second layer dates from the 9th to the 11th centuries, with parts of the ruins still bearing traces of roof tiles. Stones from ruined structures—including those carved with bas-reliefs—were repurposed as building material during this phase. The third layer, dating from the 11th to 13th centuries, shows signs of later additions and fortification work.

The oldest structure on the site is believed to date back to the 5th century AD. It originally consisted of several quadrilateral signal towers, with defensive platforms embedded in the stone walls. This rudimentary form of fortification stood until the 8th century.

The second phase of the fortress’s evolution saw a significant expansion of the complex. Small semicircular towers were added to the original design. In the 9th to 11th centuries, these towers were unified into a solid defensive system—an enclosed mass meant to reinforce the city’s fortifications. Two centuries later, in the 12th to 13th centuries, a secondary outer wall was added. Behind this new outer layer, builders constructed a tunnel-like passage designed for swift redeployment of troops in the event of a siege.