Kazakh Music

Kazakh folk music has a deep-rooted history that is intricately tied to the country’s rich folklore traditions. Over the centuries, legends, myths, and epic tales were passed down through generations, often accompanied by improvised musical performances. In earlier times, Kazakh music lacked formal notation, which meant that the complex structures and rhythms of traditional music were taught orally, from master to student, preserving the art through memory and practice.

The history of Kazakh musical instruments, however, is more clearly documented. Initially used for signaling during hunts or in religious shamanistic rituals, some of the most iconic instruments in Kazakhstan include the kobyz, dombra, dabyl, and zhetygen.

The kobyz, a unique stringed instrument, is crafted from a single piece of wood with a hollow, hemispherical resonator that has two compartments. Traditionally, its strings are made from horsehair. The dombra, a two-stringed lute with a tear-shaped resonator, is among the oldest instruments in the world and remains widespread throughout Central Asia. The dabyl, a type of percussion instrument, is akin to a pan-shaped drum with a round, leather-covered surface on both sides. The zhetygen is a seven-stringed instrument that resembles a Russian “gusli” or the Chinese “guqin,” and it holds its place among the most ancient instruments still in use today, often featured in solo performances in traditional Kazakh music.

In the 19th century, the influence of Russian colonization began to blend Kazakh music with global musical traditions. This period of cultural exchange enriched Kazakh music, as it was studied by Russian and European musicologists. At the same time, Kazakh musicians were introduced to international music styles, leading to the rise of influential figures like Abai Kunanbayev, Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly, Ykylas Dukenov, and others.

The early 20th century marked a pivotal time for Kazakh music, with the establishment of classical music schools in the country. Folk orchestras were formed, and formally trained composers started creating symphonies, while opera and ballet became prominent cultural experiences. This period saw a fusion of classical and Kazakh folk music, giving rise to a new generation of composers and musicians. Efforts were also made to preserve traditional Kazakh music, including the recording of folklore-based compositions and collections such as “500 Kazakh Songs and Kuis,” ensuring the survival of these musical treasures.

Kazakh folk music remains a vital component of Kazakhstan’s cultural identity today. Modern composers continue to draw on folk motifs, and the nation’s musical heritage is carefully preserved. A visit to the Museum of Musical Instruments in Almaty offers a fascinating glimpse into the history of Kazakh music, allowing visitors to connect with the country’s rich musical past.