History of Ustyurt Plateau

The Ustyurt Plateau, a vast and ancient geological formation spanning parts of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. The plateau is estimated to be between 20 and 60 million years old, having once formed part of the ancient Tethys Ocean and later the Sarmatian and Akchagylian seas. This rich geological past is evident today in the presence of prehistoric shark teeth and other marine fossils that can be found embedded in the exposed rock layers of the plateau’s cliffs.

In the distant past, the Ustyurt Plateau was submerged under the ancient seas. Over millions of years, layers of limestone and chalk formed as sediments settled on the ocean floor. These layers were eventually uplifted and exposed by geological processes, creating the distinctive flat semi-desert landscape bordered by steep cliffs, known as «chinks.» The new cliffs continuously reveal ancient rocks, offering glimpses into the prehistoric era when marine life thrived here.

Human activity on the Ustyurt Plateau dates back to the 6th to 3rd millennia BCE, when primitive people from the Kelteminar culture, a sedentary fishing community of the Neolithic era, lived near the shores of the Aral Sea. Evidence of their presence includes tools and artifacts, indicating that these early inhabitants adapted to the challenging environment, relying on the resources provided by the nearby water bodies.

During the peak of the Great Silk Road, the Ustyurt Plateau was viewed as a formidable and inhospitable region. Its vast, featureless desert expanse lacked landmarks, springs, or wells, making it a dangerous place for travelers. Caravans typically avoided the plateau, choosing safer routes either to the south along the Uzboy River or to the north along the coast of the Aral Sea. Despite its forbidding nature, some remnants of human activity from this era remain, such as the ruins of the Kurgancha-Kala fortress and the foundation of a lighthouse at Cape Urga. These sites provide a glimpse into the sparse but significant interactions between humans and this harsh landscape.

The first permanent road across the Ustyurt Plateau was constructed in the mid-20th century, significantly improving access to the region. In 1972, the construction of the Kungrad-Beineu railway further facilitated transportation and connectivity across the plateau. Although the Ustyurt Plateau holds little economic value in terms of natural resources, its unique geological formations and historical sites have started to attract attention from the tourism industry.

Today, the Ustyurt Plateau is becoming increasingly popular among tourists who are drawn to its stark beauty and historical significance. The dramatic chinks along the Aral Sea in Uzbekistan and the scenic landscapes in Mangystau, Kazakhstan, are among the most picturesque and frequently visited areas. Tourism initiatives are focused on promoting the natural and historical attractions of the plateau, offering guided tours that highlight its geological wonders and ancient human heritage.