Among the numerous architectural marvels and attractions in Old Baku, the bathhouses represent a distinct and fascinating category. Noteworthy establishments such as Gadzhi Gaib, Aga Mikail, Kasum Bek, and the renowned bathhouses within the Shirvanshakh Palace have all contributed to the rich tapestry of the city’s cultural heritage.
The architectural principles guiding the design of these bathhouses reflect broader urban planning practices prevalent in Baku and across the Eastern world. Typically, bathhouses were constructed either as integral components of palace complexes and public buildings located in the city center or as standalone structures within designated service and utility zones.
Particular emphasis should be placed on the palace bathhouses, which were a hallmark of the residences of Eastern rulers. Among Baku’s bathhouses, the one situated within the Shirvanshakh Palace is particularly noteworthy. This expansive bathhouse, uncovered during archaeological excavations in 1939, comprises 26 distinct rooms. It is believed that the entire structure was originally covered with domes, allowing light to filter through openings in the cupolas. Designed as a semi-underground facility, the bathhouse effectively maintained warmth during winter while remaining cool in the summer months.
The layout of the bathhouse includes two main square areas, which are further subdivided into smaller rooms. The first of these is designated for undressing, known as “baiyr” (outer), followed by the bathing rooms referred to as “icheri” (inner). The bathhouses feature basins for both hot and cold water, termed “khazna.” Adjacent to the hot water basins is a furnace chamber utilized for heating the water. Additionally, there is a “khyalveti,” a private area designated for individual washing. The premises also include small, round swimming pools and compartments for shoe storage.
Among the bathhouses in the service and utility zone of Old Town, the Gadzhi Gaib bathhouse stands out prominently. Located directly opposite the Maiden Tower, its exact date of construction remains uncertain; however, scholars estimate it dates back to the 15th century. The entrance portal of this bathhouse is square-shaped, and within, it features an icebox along with dressing and bathing areas. The dressing and bathing rooms are characterized by octagonal central halls, surrounded by smaller rooms. In the center of these halls, basins filled with hot and cold water are located. Similar to the bathhouse in the Shirvanshakh Palace, this facility is heated through a system of channels built beneath the floor.
Additionally, the Aga Mikail and Kasum Bek bathhouses merit mention. The Aga Mikail bathhouse was constructed in the 18th century in the southwestern part of Icheri-Shekher by Gadzhi (Kafir, non-Muslim) Aga Mikail, a resident of Skemakhi. This bathhouse is located in an area popularly known as the rubbers’ quarter. While it shares similarities with other Baku bathhouses, its dressing and bathing rooms are uniquely square in shape, setting it apart from both the Shirvanshakh and Gadzhi Gaib bathhouses.
The Kasum Bek bathhouse, built in the 17th century near the Salyan gates, is affectionately known as the “Sweet Bathhouse” because it traditionally served tea accompanied by sweets. This bathhouse comprises a vestibule, dressing room, bathing room, swimming pool, and furnace chamber.
In the Eastern cultural context, bathhouses have played a vital role in daily life, serving as essential elements of both palace complexes and residential neighborhoods. The bathhouses of Baku are not only architecturally picturesque but also offer intriguing insights into the city’s rich historical and cultural narrative, making them a captivating destination for visitors.
