Nestled within the historic Icheri-Sheher, the Juma Mosque stands as a testament to Baku’s rich architectural heritage. Many of the city’s monuments were constructed atop the remnants of ancient structures from Azerbaijan’s pagan past. Archaeological evidence suggests that the iconic Maiden Tower was built over a pagan temple, while fragments of older buildings can also be found in the basement of Sabail Castle. The Juma Mosque is another significant example of this layered history.
Dating back to the 12th century, the Juma Mosque, also known as the mosque in Icheri-Sheher, has been a place of worship for centuries. The current structure was erected in 1899, funded by the philanthropic efforts of Khadja Shikhali Dadashev. In 1888, the Russian academician A. Pavlinov conducted measurements of the mosque, revealing its historical significance. Notably, the mosque occupies the site of a former fire-worshippers’ temple. Only four unadorned arches remain from the original structure, believed to be remnants of this ancient temple. Many contemporary archaeologists assert that a sacred center for pagan worship once thrived at this location, where followers of fire worship gathered.
In the 14th century, the original pagan temple was transformed into a mosque. An inscription within the mosque states, “In the month of Rajab in the year 709 Hijri (1309), Amir Sharaf al-Din Mahmud ordered the renovation of this mosque.” By the 15th century, a minaret was added to the northern side of the mosque, enhancing its architectural profile. However, by the end of the 19th century, the old mosque had fallen into disrepair, leading to the construction of the new Juma Mosque we see today.
The Juma Mosque is relatively modest in size, featuring a small hall for men and a designated prayer area for women. One of the most striking elements of the mosque is its conical dome, which is supported by four central pillars. This unique architectural feature adds to the mosque’s charm and historical significance, making it a noteworthy destination for visitors exploring the rich tapestry of Baku’s past.
