Kokand

Kokand, located in the western part of the Fergana Valley, is one of Uzbekistan’s oldest cities. Known by its ancient names Hukande and Havokande, the city has a rich history that dates back to the 10th century. Its significance as a trade hub on the Silk Road and its resilience through centuries of turmoil make Kokand a fascinating destination for history enthusiasts and travelers alike.

The earliest written records of Kokand appear in 10th-century chronicles. The city was a vital trade center on the Silk Road, connecting various parts of Central Asia. However, like many other cities in the region, Kokand was devastated by the Mongol invasion in the 13th century. The city’s infrastructure and population suffered greatly, but Kokand managed to rebuild and eventually thrive once again.

Kokand’s most notable period of prosperity began in the 18th century when it became the capital of the Kokand Khanate. In 1732, near the present-day city, the founder of the Kokand Khans’ Dynasty established the fortress of Eski-Kurgan. This fortress marked the birth of a new Kokand, which soon reclaimed its historical name, “Khuk-kand” (meaning “Boar city”).

Initially a small, independent entity isolated from the Bukhara Emirate, the Kokand Khanate gradually expanded. By the first half of the 19th century, it had become a formidable state, encompassing much of present-day Uzbekistan, parts of southern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and even parts of China. The Khanate included major cities such as Tashkent and Shymkent, making it a significant political, commercial, and religious center.

During its peak, Kokand boasted over 300 mosques and numerous madrassahs, reflecting its status as a major Islamic center. The city was known for its bustling markets, grand palaces, and beautiful gardens. The most famous of Kokand’s rulers was Khudayar Khan, notorious for his cruelty and greed. Despite his reputation, Khudayar Khan invested heavily in the city’s infrastructure, constructing guzars (neighborhoods), mosques, and madrassahs. His reign saw the beautification of Kokand, leaving behind a legacy of stunning architecture.

In the latter half of the 19th century, the Bukhara, Khiva, and Kokand Khanates vied for control over Central Asia. This internal strife provided an opportunity for Tsarist Russia to expand its influence in the region. By 1868, the Kokand Khanate was effectively reduced to a vassal state under Russian control, marking the end of nearly 170 years of independence.

Following its annexation, Kokand underwent significant changes. The Khan’s palace was transformed into a fortress, and new highways were constructed through traditional mahallas (residential quarters). Buildings of European architectural style began to emerge, and Kokand rapidly developed into a major capitalist center in Turkestan, even surpassing Tashkent in the number of banks.

Today, Kokand retains many of its historical monuments from the 18th and 19th centuries, meticulously preserved and celebrated. These include the grand Jami Mosque, the impressive Khudayar Khan Palace, and numerous other architectural wonders that offer a glimpse into the city’s illustrious past.

Kokand, an ancient city rich in history and culture, boasts numerous architectural marvels primarily from the late 18th and early 19th centuries.

Khudoyar Khan Palace: The most magnificent structure in Kokand, the Khudoyar Khan Palace, was completed in 1871. Known for its luxury and architectural brilliance, the palace originally had seven courtyards and over a hundred rooms, covering four thousand square meters. Today, visitors can explore two courtyards and eighteen rooms, showcasing intricate ceramic and mosaic decorations, and towering minarets. The palace is a reflection of the opulence of the Khan’s family, a symbol of their power and grandeur. It now functions as a regional museum.

Dama-i Shahon Mausoleum: Built in 1825 during Umar Khan’s reign, this mausoleum houses the sarcophagi and tombs of several khans. The building features beautifully inscribed Quranic verses and wooden carvings. The complex includes the Ayvan Mosque and a nearby cemetery, adding to the historical ambiance.

Madari Khan Mausoleum: Constructed in 1825, this mausoleum is dedicated to Umar Khan’s mother. It features a majestic turquoise dome and vibrant, colorful carvings. The mausoleum also houses a monument to Umar Khan’s wife, Nadira, a poetess who was executed by the Emir of Bukhara.

Jami Mosque: Originally destroyed during the Tatar-Mongol invasion, it was rebuilt in the 19th century by Umar Khan. The mosque is known for its stunning columns adorned with hand-painted designs and a richly decorated dome. A notable 20-meter-high minaret stands in the courtyard, adding to the mosque’s architectural splendor.

Norbutabiy Madrasah: Built in the 18th century, this madrasah is adjacent to the Jami Mosque and features a central arch, ancient towers, and a grand main structure.

Kamol Qazi Madrasah: Constructed in the 19th century, this madrasah is known for its burnt brick walls and ornamental facade, reflecting the architectural style of the period.

Russian Orthodox Church of Kazan: Erected in 1908, the church features domes made from melted down cannons. Despite being destroyed during the Soviet era, it was rebuilt after World War II. The church’s main bell, named «General Skobelev,» weighs 4,800 kilograms.

Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi Museum: This museum is dedicated to the famous poet and native of Kokand, Hamza Hakimzade Niyazi. Established in 1959, it showcases his contributions to literature, drama, and music.

Mukimi Museum: Located in the Mien Hazrat Madrasah from the late 18th century, this museum honors the poet Amikhuji Mukimi. Visitors can view artifacts related to his life and work.

Russian-Asian Bank: Built in 1910, this building is a relic of Kokand’s capitalist era, located on Soviet Street. Nearby is the former residence of one of the wealthiest individuals of Turkistan, Vadyaev, now housing the city’s administration.

• Yalongoch-Ota Bridge: Spanning the Kokand-Say River, this brick bridge with beautiful arches is named «Bare Dervish,» after the legend of a dervish who funded its construction with alms.
• Charkhana-Kuprik Bridge: Named «Spinner’s Bridge,» it is said to be built with the savings of a spinner.
• Stone Bridge: Known for its impressive architecture, this bridge was reportedly photographed by Umar Khan himself.

Kokand, with its rich history and well-preserved architectural heritage, offers a captivating journey through time for any tourist. From grand palaces and mausoleums to beautiful mosques and madrasahs, the city is a bright example of architectural and cultural achievements of its past rulers.