Constitution Day in Azerbaijan is celebrated annually on November 12, commemorating the adoption of the constitution that established the legal framework for the newly independent republic. Since its inception in 1995, this day has become a symbol of national pride and the foundation of Azerbaijan’s statehood.
Azerbaijan’s journey with constitutional law dates back to the Soviet era, having experienced four different constitutions. The first was adopted on May 19, 1921, by the All-Azerbaijani Congress of Soviets. This initial document underwent amendments in 1925 and was later succeeded by the Constitution of the Azerbaijan SSR, which was drafted on April 21, 1978. However, as this constitution was aligned with Soviet laws and protocols, it became clear to the Azerbaijani government that a new constitution was necessary following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
In 1995, under the leadership of President Heydar Aliyev, a constitutional commission was formed to draft a new constitution that would reflect the values and aspirations of an independent Azerbaijan. On November 12 of that year, the new constitution was adopted through a nationwide referendum, marking a pivotal moment in the country’s history. The current constitution consists of five sections, twelve chapters, and 158 articles, encapsulating the principles of democracy, human rights, and the rule of law.
While Constitution Day was recognized as a public holiday until 2006, it is now classified as a working holiday. The observance of Constitution Day is marked by various events and activities.
After Azerbaijan regained its independence from the Soviet Union, Martyrs’ Day was officially declared a national holiday. In 2010, the government honored the memory of the victims by establishing a memorial in the Yasamal District of Baku. This memorial, known as Shekhid Alley (Martyrs’ Lane), features the names of each national hero who perished during the Black January events inscribed on its walls, serving as a lasting tribute to their bravery.
Every year, on January 20, the people of Azerbaijan come together to commemorate this tragic event with a large, solemn procession to the memorial. Participants lay flowers and pay their respects, honoring the memory of those who lost their lives in the pursuit of justice and freedom.